Uterine cancer, signs and evaluation.

The exact cause of uterine cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified:

• Hormonal Imbalance: Most cases of uterine cancer are associated with an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone, with an excess of estrogen. Estrogen can stimulate the growth of the endometrial lining, increasing the risk of cancer over time.
• Obesity: Obesity is a significant risk factor for uterine cancer, as fat tissue can produce excess estrogen.
• Endometrial Hyperplasia: Precancerous changes in the endometrial tissue, known as endometrial hyperplasia, can increase the risk of uterine cancer.
• Age: Uterine cancer is more common in postmenopausal women, with the majority of cases diagnosed in women over 50.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Long-term use of estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) without progestin can increase the risk of uterine cancer in postmenopausal women.

Hereditary Factors. A small percentage of uterine cancer cases are linked to genetic mutations, such as Lynch syndrome.

Uterine cancer may present with the following symptoms:

• Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: The most common symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as postmenopausal bleeding, spotting between periods, or heavier-than-usual menstrual bleeding.
• Pelvic Pain: Pelvic pain or discomfort may occur, especially in advanced stages.
• Pelvic Pressure: Some individuals may experience a sensation of pelvic fullness or pressure.
• Painful Intercourse: Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse.

Diagnosing uterine cancer typically involves several steps:

• Medical History: A healthcare provider will inquire about symptoms, medical history, and risk factors.
• Physical Examination: A pelvic examination may be performed to assess the uterus and surrounding structures.
• Transvaginal Ultrasound: This imaging test can help visualize the thickness of the endometrial lining and detect any abnormalities.
• Endometrial Biopsy: A biopsy involves the removal of a small sample of endometrial tissue for laboratory analysis to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

In some cases, a D&C may be performed to obtain a larger tissue sample for analysis.

Imaging. CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans may be used to assess the extent of cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.

• Surgery: Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) is the primary treatment for uterine cancer. Lymph nodes may also be removed for staging purposes.
• Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to target and destroy cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. It may be used in advanced or aggressive cases.
• Hormone Therapy: In certain cases, hormone therapy may be recommended to block the effects of estrogen on cancer cells.

The prognosis for uterine cancer varies depending on the stage at which it is diagnosed and treated. When detected at an early stage (confined to the uterus), the prognosis is generally favorable, with a high chance of cure. However, in advanced stages, the prognosis becomes less favorable.